Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Definition, Biology, and Novel Therapeutic Intervention Strategies
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Katrin Montzka and Axel Heidenreich
Affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
ABSTRACT
In the last decade, significant progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of castration-resistant prostate cancer has been achieved. These mechanisms are: (I) mutations of the androgen receptor that broadens ligand specificity, (II) AR overexpression, (III) intracrine androgen de novo biosynthesis, (IV) growth factors that activate the receptor independent of any ligand, and (V) alterations in AR coregulators. This review gives insight into these different molecular mechanisms and highlights new therapeutic approaches for this disease.
Keywords: androgen receptor, abiraterone, aflibercept, bevacizumab, castration-resistant prostate cancer, dasatinib, MDV3100, signaling pathways, sipuleucel-T
Correspondence: Katrin Montzka, Department of Urology, RWTH University Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany. Tel: +49 241 8080407; Fax: +49 241 80 82441; e-mail: kmontzka@ukaachen.de
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